<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BRICS+: Current Agenda</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">BRICS+: Current Agenda</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>БРИКС+: актуальная повестка</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50288</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FGFVTP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Artificial Intelligence: The Chinese Experienceand Its Implications for the BRICS+ Countries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Искусственный интеллект: опыт Китая и его значение для стран БРИКС+</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7082-5073</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabella</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забелла</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Theory and History of International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент, старший преподаватель кафедры теории и истории международных отношений</p></bio><email>zabella-aa@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Роcсийский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 1, NO1 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 1, №1 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-21"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Zabella A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Забелла А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zabella A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Забелла А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bricsplus-j.ru/BRICSplusJournal/article/view/50288">https://bricsplus-j.ru/BRICSplusJournal/article/view/50288</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Learning about China’s approach to AI development and implementation is crucial for BRICS+ due to its significant advancements and strategic focus on becoming a global leader in the field. Understanding China’s AI landscape provides valuable insights for international collaboration, competition, and the broader global impact of AI. The importance of the topic is predeter-mined by the following: 1) the geopolitical context; 2) economic component; 3) technological and digital sovereignty; 4) defense and cybersecurity; 5) training of personnel; 6) forming alternative AI norms. The methodology was based on documentary analysis. China’s strategy is assessed along four structuring axes, which can be adopted by BRICS+: 1) computational infrastructure;2) data; 3) specialized workforce; and 4) research and development (R&amp;D). The findings indicate that China distinguishes itself through its pursuit of global AI leadership through massive investments. Beijing is willing to work with BRICS partners to deepen pragmatic cooperation, China open to win-win AI cooperation through Belt &amp; Road. International cooperation of China in the field of AI with the BRICS+ countries in the field of creating a common infrastructure, developing uniform standards and legislation, data exchange, and educational programs will serve as an impetus for the development of AI in the countries of the association.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изучение подхода Китая к развитию и внедрению искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) имеет crucial impor- tance для стран БРИКС+ в свете его значительных достижений и стратегической цели стать мировым лидером в данной области. Понимание экосистемы ИИ в Китае предоставляет ценную информацию для международного сотрудничества, конкуренции и оценки более широкого глобального влияния технологий ИИ. Важность данной темы предопределена следующими факторами: 1) геополитическим контекстом; 2) экономической составляющей; 3) технологическим и цифровым суверенитетом; 4) вопросами обороны и кибербезопасности; 5) подготовкой кадров; 6) формированием альтернативных норм в сфере ИИ. Методология исследования основывалась на анализе документов. Стратегия Китая оценивается по четырем структурообразующим направлениям, которые могут быть одобрены странами БРИКС+:1) вычислительная инфраструктура; 2) данные; 3) специализированные трудовые ресурсы; 4) научные исследования и опытно-конструкторские разработки (НИОКР). Результаты исследования показывают, что Китай выделяется стремлением к глобальному лидерству в сфере ИИ за счет масштабных инвестиций. Пекин готов углублять прагматичное сотрудничество с партнерами по БРИКС и открыт к взаимовыгодному взаимодействию в области ИИ в рамках инициативы«Пояс и путь». Международное сотрудничество Китая в сфере ИИ со странами БРИКС+ в области создания общей инфраструктуры, разработки единых стандартов и законодательства, обмена данными и реализации образовательных программ послужит импульсом для развития ИИ в странах объединения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>BRICS</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>international agreements</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>БРИКС</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>международные соглашения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>McKinsey &amp; Company. (2023, June 14). The Economic Potential of Generative AI: The Next Productivity Frontier. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity- frontier</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Tortoise. (n.d.). The Global AI Index. https://www.tortoisemedia.com/data/global-ai</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bazarkina, D., Mikhalevich, E.A., Pashentsev, E., &amp; Matyashova, D. (2023). The threats and current practices of malicious use of artificial intelligence in psychological security in China. In E. Pashentsev (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Malicious Use of AI and Psychological Security (pp. 335-376). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32530-6_11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ignatov, A. (2020). The digital economy of BRICS: prospects for multilateral cooperation. International Organisations Research Journal, 15(1), 31-62. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-02</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Pashentsev, E.N., Blekanov, I.S., Mikhalevich, E.A., &amp; Wong, N.S. (2024). Malicious use of artificial intelligence and challenges to psychological security in China. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 17(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2024.201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonkikh, E. (2024, December 17). China’s Experience in AI Regulation: Between Scylla and Charybdis. Russian International Affairs Council. (In Russ.) https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/opyt-kitaya-v-regulirovanii-ii-mezhdu-stsilloy-i-kharibdoy/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тонких Е. Опыт Китая в регулировании ИИ: между Сциллой и Харибдой // Российский совет по международным делам. 2024. 17 декабря. https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/opyt-kitaya-v-regulirovanii-ii-mezhdu-stsilloy-i-kharibdoy/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Cai, C., &amp; Zhang, R. (2023). Malicious use of artificial intelligence, uncertainty, and U.S.-China strategic mutual trust. In E. Pashentsev (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Malicious Use of AI and Psychological Security (pp. 377-396). Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Feng, S. (2023). Research in artificial intelligence security from the perspective of national security studies: A preliminary attempt to construct a network of issues. In J. Tao (Ed.), International Security Studies Number 16 (pp. 109-132). World Affairs Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Yuerong, H., Javaid, M.Q., Ali, M.S.E., &amp; Zada, M. (2024). Revisiting the nexus between digital trade, green technological innovation, and environmental sustainability in BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 8585-8607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31661-8?spm=a2ty_o01.29997173.0.0.733551719H8rZ9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Knowledge at Wharton. (2018, October 25). Is China the Next AI Superpower? https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/podcast/knowledge-at-wharton-podcast/ai-china-vs-us/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Saud, S., Usman, M., &amp; Quddoos, M.U. (2023). Unveiling the liaison between human capital, trade openness, and environmental sustainability for BRICS economies: Robust panel-data estimation. Natural Resources Forum, 47(2), 229-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12277</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., Wang, V., &amp; Floridi, L. (2021). The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: an analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation. AI &amp; Society, 36, 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00992-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hiratuka, C., &amp; Diegues, A.C. (2025). Artificial intelligence in the development strategy of contemporary China. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 45(1), 3636. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572025-3636</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Asif, M., Li, J.-Q., Zia, M.A., Hashim, M., Bhatti, U.A., Bhatti, M.A, &amp; Hasnain, A. (2024). Environmental sustainability in BRICS economies: the nexus of technology innovation, economic growth, financial development, and renewable energy consumption. Sustainability, 16(16), 6934. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166934</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Huwaidin, M.B. (2025). BRICS: what is in it for the United Arab Emirates? Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 12(3), 364-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/23477989251347692</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Awolusi, O.D., &amp; Mbonigaba, J. (2020). Economic growth and environmental sustainability within the BRICS countries: a comparative analysis. International Journal of Green Economics, 14(3), 207-246.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bazarkina, D., &amp; Pashentsev, E. (2020). Malicious use of artificial intelligence: risks to psychological security in BRICS countries. Russia in Global Affairs, 18(4), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-4-154-177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015, May 19). Notice of the State Council on the Publication of “Made in China 2025”. (In Chin.) https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>China Copyright and Media. (2015, August 31). Outline of Operations to Stimulate the Development of Big Data. https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2015/08/31/outline-of-operations-to-stimulate-the-development-of-big-data/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Singla, A., Sukharevsky, A., Berteletti, E., Yee, L., &amp; Chui, M. (2025, June 20). The Next Innovation Revolution - Powered by AI. QuantumBlack AI by McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-next-innovation-revolution-powered-by-ai</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2017, July 20). State Council Issues New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. (In Chin.) https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. (2019, December). Big Data White Paper (2019). http://www.caict.ac.cn/english/research/whitepapers/202003/P020200327550643303469.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive AI for Development. (In Russ.) https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tir2025overview_ru.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Доклад о технологиях и инновациях. Инклюзивный искусственный интеллект на благо развития // Организация объединенных наций по торговле и развитию. URL: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tir2025overview_ru.pdf (дата обращения: 10.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2023, October 20). Global AI Governance Initiative. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367503.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Xinhua. (2024, January 5). China Releases Action Plan to Promote Data-Driven Development. https://russian.news.cn/20240105/1ecedd132fb54860bb4164d2391b6a08/c.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Baidu. (n.d.). Key Security Requirements for Artificial Intelligence Generative Services. (In Chin.) https://baike.baidu.com/item/网络安全技术生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求/64525218</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Cyberspace Administration of China. (2024, September 9). Framework Document on the Security Governance of Artificial Intelligence. (In Chin.) https://www.cac.gov.cn/2024-09/09/c_1727567886199789.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2024, September 30). Promoting Development for All and Bridging the AI Divide. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyjh/202412/t20241218_11497479.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2024, September 27). Inclusive AI Capacity Building Program. (In Chin.) https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjbzhd/202409/t20240927_11498463.shtml</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Morgan Stanley. (2025, May 14). Humanoids: A $5 Trillion Market. https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/humanoid-robot-market-5-trillion-by-2050</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2024, November 23). Data Infrastructure Blueprint Unveiled. https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202411/23/content_WS67417342c6d0868f4e8ed59e.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Cyberspace Administration of China. (2022, January 4). Provisions on the Management of Algorithmic Recommendations in Internet Information. (In Chin.) https://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-01/04/c_1642894606364259.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2022, November 25). Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services. (In Chin.) https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-12/12/content_5731431.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Cyberspace Administration of China. (2023, April 11). Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (Draft for Comment). (In Chin.) https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-04/11/c_1682854275475410.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Cyberspace Administration of China. (2023, July 13). Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. (In Chin.) https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Cyberspace Administration of China. (2025, March 14). Measures for the Identification of Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content. (In Chin.) https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>State Administration for Market Regulation &amp; National Standardization Administration. (2025). Cybersecurity Technology - Generative Artificial Intelligence Data Annotation Security Specification. https://content.mlex.com/Attachments/2025-05-23_CZT297CHX8R49J68/SAMR_NSA_GenAI_data_annotation_security_specification.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2018, May 16). 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN. https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>World Bank Group. (n.d.). Urban Population (% of Total Population) - China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=CN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Institute of AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University. (2024, May 24). AIR Research: AIR Creates a Virtual Hospital, Enabling AI Doctors to Self-Evolve. https://air.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/info/1007/1872.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Market Research Future. (n.d.). China Applied AI in Agriculture Market. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/chinaapplied-ai-in-agriculture-market-62288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2025, April 18). New Guideline Stresses on AI-Based Education. https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/policywatch/202504/18/content_WS6801bda9c6d0868f4e8f1da9.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>BRICS AI Center. (2025, July 27). The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Promotes the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center to release the “International Artificial Intelligence Open Source Cooperation Initiative”. (In Chin.) https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Pwi96CYtgvVaNzttyUPB1A</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
